Badblocks does not care whether the drives are new, used, already formatted or whatever: It reads (and writes) raw sectors.
-b
is block size, -c
is count, i.e. the number of blocks in one go; together they define the size of the data chunk that is read/written on each operation. Too few is ineffective but bigger than the hardware can chew will slow the test. In my experiments with 10-12 TB drives, -b 4096
with -c 128
or -c 256
made little difference. If you go up to 64ki for a block, decrease 'count' accordingly.