Unfortunately not, thank you for asking!
I was expecting this to be a common scenario. The manual about VLANs explains how to add VLANs but lacks description of any usage scenarios. If anyone has done this before --> please post in this thread. :)
You can bind services to particular IPs, so if one vlan's interface had 10.1.1.10, you could bind AFP to it, and then another vlan could have IP 10.1.2.10 and you could bind SMB to that, but there's not really an easy way to bind a particular share to a particular interface.
Having said that, you could use ACLs on each share to control access in a way that would make it appear as if the share was only on a particular VLAN, but in my opinion, it would be imperfect and difficult to manage.